var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-27747415-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); A collection of infographics, research material, art and spontaneous thoughts related to urban agriculture, sustainability and the Vertical Theory project.: Vertical Farms: A Sustainable Approach to Urban Agriculture To see all photos taken during the research, design and build phase of this project check out my flickr set. #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; width:360px;} /* Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block. We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. */ Subscribe to our mailing list * indicates required Email Address * Email Format html text mobile var fnames = new Array();var ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text'; try { var jqueryLoaded=jQuery; jqueryLoaded=true; } catch(err) { var jqueryLoaded=false; } var head= document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; if (!jqueryLoaded) { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.type = 'text/javascript'; script.src = 'http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4.4/jquery.min.js'; head.appendChild(script); if (script.readyState && script.onload!==null){ script.onreadystatechange= function () { if (this.readyState == 'complete') mce_preload_check(); } } } var script = document.createElement('script'); script.type = 'text/javascript'; script.src = 'http://downloads.mailchimp.com/js/jquery.form-n-validate.js'; 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var f = $(input_id); if (ftypes[index]=='address'){ input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-addr1'; f = $(input_id).parent().parent().get(0); } else if (ftypes[index]=='date'){ input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-month'; f = $(input_id).parent().parent().get(0); } else { input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]; f = $().parent(input_id).get(0); } if (f){ $(f).append(html); $(input_id).focus(); } else { $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show(); $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(msg); } } } catch(e){ $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show(); $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(msg); } } } Abstract The goal of this project is to design vertical farming systems to promote agriculture in urban environments. As the availability of food, water and energy resources becomes scarcer in an age of detrimental climate change, it will become paramount for food resources to be produced locally and for individuals, families and communities to become self-sufficient in regards to food, waste and energy. As oil prices increase, air quality declines and the global food supply diminishes, alternative methods of farming will be essential to urban living. Indoor vertical gardens and farms utilize minimal space compared to traditional farming, efficiently using space while simultaneously improving air quality, providing insulation to structures, and supplying fresh foods. An ideal urban vertical farm system will address the food needs of individuals, families or small communities. Vertical farms can be either a collection of plants grown horizontally in a vertical system or a literally vertical vegetated wall surface. Rain collection systems that impart water directly to soil or plants will be tested in order to minimize consumption and maximize efficiency of water and energy use during the growing process. Plants will ideally rely on passive sunlight but other lighting options will also be explored. The system may also include elements to address home waste and grey water serving a dual function of food supply and waste filtration. A verifiable and functional system could provide a long-term solution for individual users to increasing food prices and decreasing usable farmland. This project addresses larger global sustainability needs by creating a solution that is implemented on a small scale. Keywords: Vertical Garden, Vertical Farm, Urban Garden, Urban Farm, Urban Agriculture, Industrial Agriculture, Rain Reclamation, Grey Water, LED, Hydroponic, Aeroponic, Green Wall Problem Statement Traditional farmlands are in a state of constant destruction and failure due to droughts, floods, pests and other detrimental elements created by global climate change. As the global population rapidly approaches 10 billion people there will no longer be sufficient farmland to supply food to all individuals. The United Nations reports that in 1970 there was one acre of farmland per person, this decreased to one-half acre in 2000 and is estimated to reach one-third acre by the year 2050. Seventy percent of globally available fresh water is currently used for irrigation, rendering it useless for drinking once contaminated by fertilizers, pesticides or one of the myriad of potentially hazardous chemicals used on industrial crops. Urban farming addresses the ever increasing need of local and affordable foods by bringing food production to the individual, family or community. In recent years there has been a rise in demand for locally grown fruits and vegetables and an increase in urban farming programs including community gardens. Progress towards a new paradigm in agriculture is occurring but requires additional education, systems research and implementation. This project is intended to serve as an additional stepping stone in the process of shifting from large scale industrial agriculture to smaller-scale local urban farming. As farming moves from traditional farmlands to urban areas, farmlands that have been damaged by monoculture, harsh chemicals and overuse will be revitalized and returned to a more natural ecological state. In order to protect the diminishing available fresh water, rain water capture and recapture of water within the structure could be utilized for indoor farming systems. Additionally, vertical farms will reduce the production of greenhouse gas emission by limiting energy consumption for growing and shipping. Urban vertical farms could be grown in the homes, at schools or in restaurants – offering fresh fruits and vegetables for immediate consumption and cooking. Modern life has led to a rampant increase in obesity and related health problems such as diabetes. Vertical farms could provide local, fresh, unprocessed foods to a larger under-served population such as those living in low-income communities. Fresh, organic foods are often costly and not accessible to these communities. Accessibility to full service grocery stores is often diminished in low-income communities forcing families to turn to low-quality processed foods offered in convenience stores and fast food restaurants. Indoor vertical gardens will also provide improved air quality and serve as thermal barriers/insulators. Because indoor vertical farms will rely on passive sunlight they will be visible to both the inhabitants and the outside world, creating a beautification of urban environments. The perceived advantages of a vertically oriented system include an efficient use of space, gravity as a function of watering plants in a hydroponic system, and maximum accessibility to passive sunlight through windows (able to use entirety of window). Aesthetic qualities are also an important consideration. There is a perceived innate value in plant life that tends to provide an aspect of beauty, but the system itself can greatly diminish or accentuate that beauty depending on arrangement of components, materials used and technologies in place.Tumblr (3.0; @verticaltheory)http://www.vertical-theory.com/<img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzq3rpPoJE1qa9dlko1_500.png"/><br/><br/><p>Chattanooga folks - check it out!</p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17989891083http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17989891083Mon, 20 Feb 2012 22:16:37 -0500kmackay<img src="http://29.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzcq99wh1k1qewyudo1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/><p><a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://fuckyeahpermaculture.tumblr.com/post/17569289253/mycelium-runs" target="_blank">fuckyeahpermaculture</a>:</p> <blockquote> <p>The decomposers make the cycle of life possible.<br/>Grow your own fungi for personal use / small profit.<br/>Incorporate them into a permaculture site plan.</p> </blockquote>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17928203188http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17928203188Sun, 19 Feb 2012 23:20:39 -0500kmackay<img src="http://28.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzjwhnoUk21qa9dlko1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/><p><h1 class="post-title single-title entry-title"><a href="http://crispgreen.com/2012/02/green-toys-from-recycled-plastic/" rel="bookmark" title="Imaginative Toys Made From Recycled Milk Jugs" target="_blank">Imaginative Toys Made From Recycled Milk Jugs</a></h1></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17775234693http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17775234693Fri, 17 Feb 2012 13:53:47 -0500kmackay<img src="http://30.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzjwfxGzsQ1qa9dlko1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/><p><h1 class="post-title single-title entry-title"><a href="http://crispgreen.com/2012/02/bottled-water-sales-banned-at-the-grand-canyon/" rel="bookmark" title="Bottled Water Sales Banned At The Grand Canyon" target="_blank">Bottled Water Sales Banned At The Grand Canyon</a></h1></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17775192880http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17775192880Fri, 17 Feb 2012 13:52:45 -0500kmackay<img src="http://26.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzedft4YG41qa9dlko1_500.png"/><br/><br/><p><a href="http://campaign.r20.constantcontact.com/render?llr=kbasbrdab&v=001FbEh9Xz0N4KbvuYVnlpwB5uQh_xf1ufCz0E0M15P-sOiAkFGJnh1CMz7APylKmk0UaUSfbknP1pb_AwNCEGWC7rX-8vqscsm5GizVSFn7G-peYCdiaoi5qGZkSZ_ymOV" target="_blank">Living Walls Lecture in SF! </a></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17615516816http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17615516816Tue, 14 Feb 2012 14:14:17 -0500kmackay<img src="http://27.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lxozj1NHKe1r0n7dpo1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/><p><a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://rawlivingfoods.tumblr.com/post/17564133381/raw-vegan-swiss-chard-kale-and-collards-leafy" target="_blank">rawlivingfoods</a>:</p> <blockquote> <p><a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://raw-vegan.tumblr.com/post/16490647824/swiss-chard-kale-and-collards-leafy-greens-are" target="_blank">raw-vegan</a>:</p> <p><strong>Swiss chard, kale, and collards</strong></p> <p>Leafy greens are some of the most nutritionally integral foods you can eat, and very few people get enough of them. So get your greens on!</p> </blockquote>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17594456624http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17594456624Mon, 13 Feb 2012 23:58:11 -0500kmackay<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzd1t1cFx31qa9dlko1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/><p><h1>Red Bike Planter…to get one of these or another awesome <a href="http://www.wearableplanter.com/" target="_blank">Wearable Planter</a> check out the <a href="http://www.etsy.com/shop/wearableplanter?ref=seller_info" target="_blank">Wearable Planter Etsy page</a>.</h1></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17585052628http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17585052628Mon, 13 Feb 2012 21:05:25 -0500wearable planterwearable artkmackay<img src="http://29.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzch3tNonu1qa9dlko1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/><p><a href="http://brooklynfoodcoalition.ning.com/conference" target="_blank">Brooklyn Food Conference 2012</a></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17559425668http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17559425668Mon, 13 Feb 2012 13:38:17 -0500kmackay<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lyum8rfosq1qgo2o2o2_r1_500.jpg"/><br/> <br/><img src="http://26.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lyum8rfosq1qgo2o2o5_400.png"/><br/> <br/><img src="http://27.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lyum8rfosq1qgo2o2o3_400.jpg"/><br/> <br/><img src="http://26.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lyum8rfosq1qgo2o2o4_400.png"/><br/> <br/><img src="http://30.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lyum8rfosq1qgo2o2o1_r1_500.jpg"/><br/> <br/><p><a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://free-parking.tumblr.com/post/17009975927/anna-schuleit-installed-thousands-of-flowers-in" target="_blank">free-parking</a>:</p> <blockquote> <p>Anna Schuleit installed thousands of flowers in the Massachusetts Mental Health Center to commemorate its life, history, and people over the 91 years of its operation.</p> </blockquote>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17403531175http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17403531175Fri, 10 Feb 2012 21:44:39 -0500artplants in buildingskmackay<img src="http://30.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lz5qchmSwS1qa9dlko1_400.jpg"/><br/><br/><p>Three bike planters by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/colleenelizabethjordan/6848771077/in/photostream" target="_blank">colleeniebikini</a></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17354205215http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17354205215Thu, 09 Feb 2012 22:14:40 -0500kmackay<img src="http://29.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lz50l5I0cg1qa9dlko1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/><p><h1 class="post-title single-title entry-title"><a href="http://crispgreen.com/2012/02/diy-solar-panels-made-from-grass-clippings/" rel="bookmark" title="DIY Solar Panels Made From Grass Clippings" target="_blank">DIY Solar Panels Made From Grass Clippings</a></h1></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17324550176http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17324550176Thu, 09 Feb 2012 12:58:17 -0500kmackay<img src="http://29.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lz3sza57CS1r2lt54o1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17300822002http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17300822002Wed, 08 Feb 2012 22:14:35 -0500kmackay<iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/31533066?color=ffffff" width="400" height="225" frameborder="0"></iframe><br/><br/><p><h1 class="post-title single-title entry-title"><a href="http://crispgreen.com/2012/02/occupy-wall-street-group-to-build-farm-in-the-sky/" rel="bookmark" title="Occupy Wall Street Group To Build Farm In The Sky" target="_blank">Occupy Wall Street Group To Build ‘Farm In The Sky’</a></h1></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17269003443http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17269003443Wed, 08 Feb 2012 12:18:28 -0500OWSkmackay<img src="http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lyza5siC8J1qe7zkco1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/><p><a class="tumblr_blog" href="http://nybg.tumblr.com/post/17223781386/amazonian-mushroom-eats-indestructible-plastics" target="_blank">nybg</a>:</p> <blockquote> <p><strong><a href="http://gizmodo.com/5880768/amazonian-mushroom-eats-indestructible-plastics?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pulsenews" title="Gizmodo" target="_blank">Amazonian Mushroom Eats Indestructible Plastics</a></strong></p> <p>The non-biodegradable polyurethane that environmentalists have been sighing over for decades may have met its match in fungus. Student researchers from Yale have discovered that <em>Pestalotiopsis microspora</em> (not shown) not only loves munching on the plastic that goes into everything from garden hoses to disposable bottles, but it can do it almost anywhere—even the depths of a landfill. —<em>MN</em></p> </blockquote>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17233859612http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17233859612Tue, 07 Feb 2012 18:49:49 -0500kmackay“Adam Drewnowski, an epidemiologist at the University of Washington, has spent his career showing that Americans’ food choices correlate to social class. He argues that the most nutritious diet—lots of fruits and vegetables, lean meats, fish, and grains—is beyond the reach of the poorest Americans, and it is economic elitism for nutritionists to uphold it as an ideal without broadly addressing issues of affordability. Lower-income families don’t subsist on junk food and fast food because they lack nutritional education, as some have argued. And though many poor neighborhoods are, indeed, food deserts—meaning that the people who live there don’t have access to a well-stocked supermarket—many are not. Lower-income families choose sugary, fat, and processed foods because they’re cheaper—and because they taste good. In a paper published last spring, Drewnowski showed how the prices of specific foods changed between 2004 and 2008 based on data from Seattle-area supermarkets. While food prices overall rose about 25 percent, the most nutritious foods (red peppers, raw oysters, spinach, mustard greens, romaine lettuce) rose 29 percent, while the least nutritious foods (white sugar, hard candy, jelly beans, and cola) rose just 16 percent. “In America,” Drewnowski wrote in an e-mail, “food has become the premier marker of social distinctions, that is to say—social class. It used to be clothing and fashion, but no longer, now that ‘luxury’ has become affordable and available to all.” He points to an article in The New York Times, written by Pollan, which describes a meal element by element, including “a basket of morels and porcini gathered near Mount Shasta.” “Pollan,” writes Drewnowski, “is drawing a picture of class privilege that is as acute as anything written by Edith Wharton or Henry James.””<br/><br/> - <em><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/11/22/what-food-says-about-class-in-america.html" target="_blank">What Food Says About Class in America - The Daily Beast</a></em>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17227907091http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17227907091Tue, 07 Feb 2012 17:13:32 -0500kmackay<iframe width="400" height="225" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/CLWRclarri0?wmode=transparent&autohide=1&egm=0&hd=1&iv_load_policy=3&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&showsearch=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br/><br/><p><h1 id="watch-headline-title"><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/carolyn_steel_how_food_shapes_our_cities.html" target="_blank"><span id="eow-title" title="Carolyn Steel: How food shapes our cities"><a>Carolyn Steel: How food shapes our cities</a> </span></a></h1></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17226253696http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17226253696Tue, 07 Feb 2012 16:46:22 -0500kmackay<img src="http://28.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lz1fnah68s1qa9dlko1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/><p><h1 class="post-title single-title entry-title"><a href="http://crispgreen.com/2012/02/new-mobile-apps-help-consumers-shop-smarter/" rel="bookmark" title="New Mobile Apps Help Consumers Shop Smarter" target="_blank">New Mobile Apps Help Consumers Shop Smarter</a></h1></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17219432102http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17219432102Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:33:10 -0500kmackay<object width="400" height="359" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" id="ep"><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><param name="wmode" value="transparent" /><param name="movie" value="http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/.element/apps/cvp/3.0/swf/cnn_416x234_embed.swf?context=embed&videoId=international/2011/03/24/ef.genetic.modification.bk.c.cnn" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#000000" /><embed src="http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/.element/apps/cvp/3.0/swf/cnn_416x234_embed.swf?context=embed&videoId=international/2011/03/24/ef.genetic.modification.bk.c.cnn" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" bgcolor="#000000" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="400" wmode="transparent" height="359"></embed></object><br/><br/><p><h1><a href="http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/international/2011/03/24/ef.genetic.modification.bk.c.cnn#/video/international/2011/03/24/ef.genetic.modification.bk.c.cnn" target="_blank">A farm on every rooftop</a></h1></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17218898059http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/17218898059Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:19:25 -0500kmackay<img src="http://28.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lytrfpqJ4F1qa9dlko1_500.png"/><br/><br/><h1 class="post-title single-title entry-title"><a href="http://crispgreen.com/2012/02/a-small-new-york-landfill-hits-the-big-screen/" rel="bookmark" title="A Small New York Landfill Hits The Big Screen" target="_blank">A Small New York Landfill Hits The Big Screen: </a>Gary Hustwit is best known for his film trilogy centered around design which includes the films <em>Helvetica, Objectified </em>and<em> Urbanized</em>. As a designer, I have seen the full trilogy and keep a close eye on Hustwit’s projects. Collaborating with Jessica Edwards, who is gaining recognition for her recent film, <em>Seltzer Works</em>, this duo created a 3-minute short showcasing a landfill that is breaking the mold when it comes to waste disposal.</h1> <p>Read more and see the film<a href="http://crispgreen.com/2012/02/a-small-new-york-landfill-hits-the-big-screen/" target="_blank"> here.</a> </p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/16977726800http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/16977726800Fri, 03 Feb 2012 11:07:01 -0500kmackay<img src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lytq7yT8yM1qa9dlko1_500.jpg"/><br/><br/><p><a href="http://www.new-territories.com/lostinparis.htm" target="_blank">Lost in Paris</a></p>http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/16976876607http://www.vertical-theory.com/post/16976876607Fri, 03 Feb 2012 10:40:46 -0500kmackay